Leibniz and Newton Space

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gottfried leibniz


in seventeenth century, philosophy of space , time emerged central issue in epistemology , metaphysics. @ heart, gottfried leibniz, german philosopher-mathematician, , isaac newton, english physicist-mathematician, set out 2 opposing theories of space is. rather being entity independently exists on , above other matter, leibniz held space no more collection of spatial relations between objects in world: space results places taken . unoccupied regions have objects in them, , spatial relations other places. leibniz, then, space idealised abstraction relations between individual entities or possible locations , therefore not continuous must discrete. space thought of in similar way relations between family members. although people in family related 1 another, relations not exist independently of people. leibniz argued space not exist independently of objects in world because implies difference between 2 universes alike except location of material world in each universe. since there no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according identity of indiscernibles, there no real difference between them. according principle of sufficient reason, theory of space implied there these 2 possible universes must therefore wrong.



isaac newton


newton took space more relations between material objects , based position on observation , experimentation. relationist there can no real difference between inertial motion, in object travels constant velocity, , non-inertial motion, in velocity changes time, since spatial measurements relative other objects , motions. newton argued since non-inertial motion generates forces, must absolute. used example of water in spinning bucket demonstrate argument. water in bucket hung rope , set spin, starts flat surface. after while, bucket continues spin, surface of water becomes concave. if bucket s spinning stopped surface of water remains concave continues spin. concave surface therefore apparently not result of relative motion between bucket , water. instead, newton argued, must result of non-inertial motion relative space itself. several centuries bucket argument considered decisive in showing space must exist independently of matter.








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