Health effects of smoking Health effects of tobacco

1 health effects of smoking

1.1 mortality
1.2 cancer
1.3 pulmonary
1.4 cardiovascular disease
1.5 renal
1.6 influenza
1.7 oral
1.8 infection
1.9 impotence
1.10 female infertility
1.11 psychological

1.11.1 immediate effects
1.11.2 stress
1.11.3 social , behavioral
1.11.4 cognitive function


1.12 pregnancy
1.13 drug interactions
1.14 other harm
1.15 benefits

health effects of smoking

addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, , police , legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. tobacco ranked 3rd in dependence, 14th in physical harm, , 12th in social harm.

smoking commonly leads diseases affecting heart , lungs , commonly affect areas such hands or feet first signs of smoking related health issues showing numbness, smoking being major risk factor heart attacks, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), emphysema, , cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancers of larynx , mouth, , pancreatic cancer. overall life expectancy reduced in long term smokers, estimates ranging 10 17.9. years fewer nonsmokers. 1 half of long term male smokers die of illness due smoking. association of smoking lung cancer strongest, both in public perception , etiologically. among male smokers, lifetime risk of developing lung cancer 17.2%; among female smokers, risk 11.6%. risk lower in nonsmokers: 1.3% in men , 1.4% in women. historically, lung cancer considered rare disease prior world war , perceived physicians never see during career. postwar rise in popularity of cigarette smoking came virtual epidemic of lung cancer.

a person s increased risk of contracting disease directly proportional length of time person continues smoke amount smoked. however, if stops smoking, these chances gradually decrease damage body repaired. year after quitting, risk of contracting heart disease half of continuing smoker. health risks of smoking not uniform across smokers. risks vary according amount of tobacco smoked, smoke more @ greater risk. smoking so-called light cigarettes not reduce risk.

mortality

smoking cause of 5 million deaths per year. makes common cause of preventable death. 1 study found male , female smokers lose on average of 13.2 , 14.5 years of life, respectively. found loss of life of 6.8 years. each cigarette smoked estimated shorten life average of 11 minutes. @ least half of lifelong smokers die earlier result of smoking. smokers 3 times die before age of 60 or 70 non-smokers.

in united states, cigarette smoking , exposure tobacco smoke accounts 1 in five, or @ least 443,000 premature deaths annually. put context, abc s peter jennings famously reported in alone, tobacco kills equivalent of 3 jumbo jets full of people crashing every day, no survivors. on worldwide basis, equates single jumbo jet every hour.

a 2015 study found 17% of mortality due cigarette smoking in united states due diseases other believed related.

cancer

the primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly lung cancer, kidney cancer, cancer of larynx , head , neck, bladder cancer, cancer of esophagus, cancer of pancreas , stomach cancer. studies have established relationship between tobacco smoke, including secondhand smoke, , cervical cancer in women. there evidence suggesting small increased risk of myeloid leukaemia, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, cancers of gallbladder, adrenal gland, small intestine, , various childhood cancers. possible connection between breast cancer , tobacco still uncertain.

the risk of dying lung cancer before age 85 22.1% male smoker , 11.9% female smoker, in absence of competing causes of death. corresponding estimates lifelong nonsmokers 1.1% probability of dying lung cancer before age 85 man of european descent, , 0.8% probability woman.

pulmonary

since establishing causation through experimental trials not possible due ethical restrictions, lengthy study conducted in order establish strong association necessary allow legislative action against tobacco consumption.

in smoking, long term exposure compounds found in smoke (e.g., carbon monoxide , cyanide) believed responsible pulmonary damage , loss of elasticity in alveoli, leading emphysema , copd. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) caused smoking, permanent, incurable (often terminal) reduction of pulmonary capacity characterised shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough sputum, , damage lungs, including emphysema , chronic bronchitis. carcinogen acrolein , derivatives contribute chronic inflammation present in copd.

cardiovascular disease

smoking can cause atherosclerosis leading coronary artery disease , peripheral arterial disease



tobacco stains on 2nd , 3rd fingers in heavy smoker.

inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within heart , blood vessels. within 1 minute heart rate begins rise, increasing as 30 percent during first 10 minutes of smoking. carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts negative effects reducing blood’s ability carry oxygen.

smoking increases chance of heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, , peripheral vascular disease. several ingredients of tobacco lead narrowing of blood vessels, increasing likelihood of blockage, , heart attack or stroke. according study international team of researchers, people under 40 5 times more have heart attack if smoke.

recent research american biologists has shown cigarette smoke influences process of cell division in cardiac muscle , changes heart s shape.

the usage of tobacco has been linked buerger s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) acute inflammation , thrombosis (clotting) of arteries , veins of hands , feet.

although cigarette smoking causes greater increase in risk of cancer cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have increased risk many health problems, including cancer, when compared non-smokers. second-hand smoke, nih study points large amount of smoke generated 1 cigar, saying cigars can contribute substantial amounts of tobacco smoke indoor environment; and, when large numbers of cigar smokers congregate in cigar smoking event, amount of ets [i.e. second-hand smoke] produced sufficient health concern regularly required work in environments.

smoking tends increase blood cholesterol levels. furthermore, ratio of high-density lipoprotein (the cholesterol) low-density lipoprotein (the bad cholesterol) tends lower in smokers compared non-smokers. smoking raises levels of fibrinogen , increases platelet production (both involved in blood clotting) makes blood viscous. carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells), resulting in stabler complex haemoglobin bound oxygen or carbon dioxide—the result permanent loss of blood cell functionality. blood cells naturally recycled after period of time, allowing creation of new, functional erythrocytes. however, if carbon monoxide exposure reaches point before can recycled, hypoxia (and later death) occurs. these factors make smokers more @ risk of developing various forms of arteriosclerosis. arteriosclerosis progresses, blood flows less through rigid , narrowed blood vessels, making blood more form thrombosis (clot). sudden blockage of blood vessel may lead infarction (stroke). however, worth noting effects of smoking on heart may more subtle. these conditions may develop gradually given smoking-healing cycle (the human body heals between periods of smoking), , therefore smoker may develop less significant disorders such worsening or maintenance of unpleasant dermatological conditions, e.g. eczema, due reduced blood supply. smoking increases blood pressure , weakens blood vessels.

renal

in addition increasing risk of kidney cancer, smoking can contribute additional renal damage. smokers @ increased risk chronic kidney disease non-smokers. history of smoking encourages progression of diabetic nephropathy.

influenza

a study of outbreak of (h1n1) influenza in israeli military unit of 336 healthy young men determine relation of cigarette smoking incidence of clinically apparent influenza, revealed that, of 168 smokers, 68.5 percent had influenza, compared 47.2 percent of nonsmokers. influenza more severe in smokers; 50.6 percent of smokers lost work days or required bed rest, or both, compared 30.1 percent of nonsmokers.

according study of 1,900 male cadets after 1968 hong kong a2 influenza epidemic @ south carolina military academy, compared nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses , 20% more bed rest, light smokers (less 20 cigarettes per day) had 10% more illnesses , 7% more bed rest.

the effect of cigarette smoking upon epidemic influenza studied prospectively among 1,811 male college students. clinical influenza incidence among daily smoked 21 or more cigarettes 21% higher of non-smokers. influenza incidence among smokers of 1 20 cigarettes daily intermediate between non-smokers , heavy cigarette smokers.

surveillance of 1979 influenza outbreak @ military base women in israel revealed influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of current smokers vs. 41.6% of nonsmokers.

smoking seems cause higher relative influenza-risk in older populations in younger populations. in prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, during 1993, of unimmunized people 23% of smokers had clinical influenza compared 6% of non-smokers.

smoking may substantially contribute growth of influenza epidemics affecting entire population. proportion of influenza cases in general non-smoking population attributable smokers has not yet been calculated.

oral

perhaps serious oral condition can arise of oral cancer. however, smoking increases risk various other oral diseases, exclusive tobacco users. national institutes of health, through national cancer institute, determined in 1998 cigar smoking causes variety of cancers including cancers of oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat), esophagus, larynx, , lung. pipe smoking involves significant health risks, particularly oral cancer. half of periodontitis or inflammation around teeth cases attributed current or former smoking. smokeless tobacco causes gingival recession , white mucosal lesions. 90% of periodontitis patients not helped common modes of treatment smokers. smokers have greater loss of bone height nonsmokers, , trend can extended pipe smokers have more bone loss nonsmokers. smoking has been proven important factor in staining of teeth. halitosis or bad breath common among tobacco smokers. tooth loss has been shown 2 3 times higher in smokers in non-smokers. in addition, complications may further include leukoplakia, adherent white plaques or patches on mucous membranes of oral cavity, including tongue.

infection

smoking linked susceptibility infectious diseases, particularly in lungs. smoking more 20 cigarettes day increases risk of 2 4 times, , being current smoker has been linked fourfold increase in risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. believed smoking increases risk of these , other pulmonary , respiratory tract infections both through structural damage , through effects on immune system. effects on immune system include increase in cd4+ cell production attributable nicotine, has tentatively been linked increased hiv susceptibility.

smoking increases risk of kaposi s sarcoma in people without hiv infection. 1 study found male population , not draw conclusions female participants in study.

impotence

incidence of impotence approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared non-smokers, , key cause of erectile dysfunction (ed). smoking causes impotence because promotes arterial narrowing.

female infertility

smoking harmful ovaries, potentially causing female infertility, , degree of damage dependent upon amount , length of time woman smokes. nicotine , other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere body’s ability create estrogen, hormone regulates folliculogenesis , ovulation. also, cigarette smoking interferes folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow , uterine myometrium. damage irreversible, stopping smoking can prevent further damage. smokers 60% more infertile non-smokers. smoking reduces chances of ivf producing live birth 34% , increases risk of ivf pregnancy miscarrying 30%.

psychological

the american psychologist stated smokers report cigarettes relieve feelings of stress. however, stress levels of adult smokers higher of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress develop regular patterns of smoking, , smoking cessation leads reduced stress. far acting aid mood control, nicotine dependency seems exacerbate stress. confirmed in daily mood patterns described smokers, normal moods during smoking , worsening moods between cigarettes. thus, apparent relaxant effect of smoking reflects reversal of tension , irritability develop during nicotine depletion. dependent smokers need nicotine remain feeling normal.

immediate effects

users report feelings of relaxation, sharpness, calmness, , alertness. new smoking may experience nausea, dizziness, increased blood pressure, narrowed arteries, , rapid heart beat. generally, unpleasant symptoms vanish on time, repeated use, body builds tolerance chemicals in cigarettes, such nicotine.

stress

smokers report higher levels of everyday stress. several studies have monitored feelings of stress on time , found reduced stress after quitting.

the deleterious mood effects of abstinence explain why smokers suffer more daily stress non-smokers , become less stressed when quit smoking. deprivation reversal explains of arousal data, deprived smokers being less vigilant , less alert non-deprived smokers or non-smokers.

recent studies have shown positive relationship between psychological distress , salivary cotinine levels in smoking , non-smoking adults, indicating both firsthand , secondhand smoke exposure may lead higher levels of mental stress.

social , behavioral

medical researchers have found smoking predictor of divorce. smokers have 53% greater chance of divorce nonsmokers.

cognitive function

the usage of tobacco can create cognitive dysfunction. there seems increased risk of alzheimer s disease, although case–control , cohort studies produce conflicting results direction of association between smoking , ad . smoking has been found contribute dementia , cognitive decline, reduced memory , cognitive abilities in adolescents, , brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy).

most notably, studies have found patients alzheimer s disease more not have smoked general population, has been interpreted suggest smoking offers protection against alzheimer s. however, research in area limited , results conflicting; studies show smoking increases risk of alzheimer s disease. recent review of available scientific literature concluded apparent decrease in alzheimer risk may because smokers tend die before reaching age @ alzheimer occurs. differential mortality problem there need investigate effects of smoking in disorder low incidence rates before age 75 years, case of alzheimer s disease, stated, noting smokers half non-smokers survive age of 80.

some older analyses have claimed non-smokers twice smokers develop alzheimer s disease. however, more current analyse found of studies, showed preventing effect, had close affiliation tobacco industry. researches without tobacco lobby influence have concluded complete opposite: smokers twice non smokers develop alzheimer s disease.

former , current smokers have lower incidence of parkinson s disease compared people have never smoked, although authors stated more movement disorders part of parkinson s disease prevented people being able smoke smoking protective. study considered possible role of nicotine in reducing parkinson s risk: nicotine stimulates dopaminergic system of brain, damaged in parkinson s disease, while other compounds in tobacco smoke inhibit mao-b, enzyme produces oxidative radicals breaking down dopamine.

in many respects, nicotine acts on nervous system in similar way caffeine. writings have stated smoking can increase mental concentration; 1 study documents better performance on normed advanced raven progressive matrices test after smoking.

most smokers, when denied access nicotine, exhibit symptoms such irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, , rapid heart beat. onset of these symptoms fast, nicotine s half-life being 2 hours.. psychological dependence may linger months or many years. unlike recreational drugs, nicotine not measurably alter smoker s motor skills, judgement, or language abilities while under influence of drug. tobacco withdrawal has been shown cause clinically significant distress.

a large percentage of schizophrenics smoke tobacco form of self-medication. high rate of tobacco use mentally ill major factor in decreased life expectancy, 25 years shorter general population. following observation smoking improves condition of people schizophrenia, in particular working memory deficit, nicotine patches had been proposed way treat schizophrenia. studies suggest link exists between smoking , mental illness, citing high incidence of smoking amongst suffering schizophrenia , possibility smoking may alleviate of symptoms of mental illness, these have not been conclusive. in 2015, meta-analysis found smokers @ greater risk of developing psychotic illness.

recent studies have linked smoking anxiety disorders, suggesting correlation (and possibly mechanism) may related broad class of anxiety disorders, , not limited depression. current , ongoing research attempt explore addiction-anxiety relationship. data multiple studies suggest anxiety disorders , depression play role in cigarette smoking. history of regular smoking observed more among individuals had experienced major depressive disorder @ time in lives among individuals had never experienced major depression or among individuals no psychiatric diagnosis. people major depression less quit due increased risk of experiencing mild severe states of depression, including major depressive episode. depressed smokers appear experience more withdrawal symptoms on quitting, less successful @ quitting, , more relapse.

pregnancy

a number of studies have shown tobacco use significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, , contributes number of other threats health of fetus. increases risk of neural tube defects.

environmental tobacco smoke exposure , maternal smoking during pregnancy have been shown cause lower infant birth weights.

studies have shown association between prenatal exposure environmental tobacco smoke , conduct disorder in children. well, post-natal tobacco smoke exposure may cause similar behavioral problems in children.

women smoke have 50% higher chance of giving birth child behavioral disorders, such adhd, recent study in book called attention deficit disorder: different perception overturns this, saying adhd genetic trait. proof of comes study showing people adhd had higher levels of hormones, thom hartman explains hunter vs. farmer hypothesis.

drug interactions

smoking known increase levels of liver enzymes break down drugs , toxins. means drugs cleared these enzymes cleared more in smokers, may result in drugs not working. specifically, levels of cyp1a2 , cyp2a6 induced: substrates 1a2 include caffeine , tricyclic antidepressants such amitriptyline; substrates 2a6 include anticonvulsant, valproic acid.

other harm


protein azgp1

studies suggest smoking decreases appetite, did not conclude overweight people should smoke or health improve smoking. cause of heart diseases. smoking decreases weight overexpressing gene azgp1 stimulates lipolysis.

smoking causes 10% of global burden of fire deaths, , smokers placed @ increased risk of injury-related deaths in general, partly due experiencing increased risk of dying in motor vehicle crash.

smoking increases risk of symptoms associated crohn s disease (a dose-dependent effect use of greater 15 cigarettes per day). there evidence decreased rates of endometriosis in infertile smoking women, although other studies have found smoking increases risk in infertile women. there little or no evidence of protective effect in fertile women. preliminary data 1996 suggested reduced incidence of uterine fibroids, overall evidence unconvincing.

current research shows tobacco smokers exposed residential radon twice develop lung cancer non-smokers. well, risk of developing lung cancer asbestos exposure twice smokers non-smokers.

new research has found women smoke @ increased risk of developing abdominal aortic aneurysm, condition in weak area of abdominal aorta expands or bulges, , common form of aortic aneurysm.

smoking leads increased risk of bone fractures, hip fractures. leads slower wound-healing after surgery, , increased rate of postoperative healing complication.

benefits

in addition numerous documented negative health effects of smoking, several types of smoker s paradoxes (cases smoking appears have specific beneficial effects) have been observed. smoking may prevent parkinson s disease.