Psychological Health effects of tobacco

1 psychological

1.1 immediate effects
1.2 stress
1.3 social , behavioral
1.4 cognitive function

psychological

the american psychologist stated smokers report cigarettes relieve feelings of stress. however, stress levels of adult smokers higher of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress develop regular patterns of smoking, , smoking cessation leads reduced stress. far acting aid mood control, nicotine dependency seems exacerbate stress. confirmed in daily mood patterns described smokers, normal moods during smoking , worsening moods between cigarettes. thus, apparent relaxant effect of smoking reflects reversal of tension , irritability develop during nicotine depletion. dependent smokers need nicotine remain feeling normal.

immediate effects

users report feelings of relaxation, sharpness, calmness, , alertness. new smoking may experience nausea, dizziness, increased blood pressure, narrowed arteries, , rapid heart beat. generally, unpleasant symptoms vanish on time, repeated use, body builds tolerance chemicals in cigarettes, such nicotine.

stress

smokers report higher levels of everyday stress. several studies have monitored feelings of stress on time , found reduced stress after quitting.

the deleterious mood effects of abstinence explain why smokers suffer more daily stress non-smokers , become less stressed when quit smoking. deprivation reversal explains of arousal data, deprived smokers being less vigilant , less alert non-deprived smokers or non-smokers.

recent studies have shown positive relationship between psychological distress , salivary cotinine levels in smoking , non-smoking adults, indicating both firsthand , secondhand smoke exposure may lead higher levels of mental stress.

social , behavioral

medical researchers have found smoking predictor of divorce. smokers have 53% greater chance of divorce nonsmokers.

cognitive function

the usage of tobacco can create cognitive dysfunction. there seems increased risk of alzheimer s disease, although case–control , cohort studies produce conflicting results direction of association between smoking , ad . smoking has been found contribute dementia , cognitive decline, reduced memory , cognitive abilities in adolescents, , brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy).

most notably, studies have found patients alzheimer s disease more not have smoked general population, has been interpreted suggest smoking offers protection against alzheimer s. however, research in area limited , results conflicting; studies show smoking increases risk of alzheimer s disease. recent review of available scientific literature concluded apparent decrease in alzheimer risk may because smokers tend die before reaching age @ alzheimer occurs. differential mortality problem there need investigate effects of smoking in disorder low incidence rates before age 75 years, case of alzheimer s disease, stated, noting smokers half non-smokers survive age of 80.

some older analyses have claimed non-smokers twice smokers develop alzheimer s disease. however, more current analyse found of studies, showed preventing effect, had close affiliation tobacco industry. researches without tobacco lobby influence have concluded complete opposite: smokers twice non smokers develop alzheimer s disease.

former , current smokers have lower incidence of parkinson s disease compared people have never smoked, although authors stated more movement disorders part of parkinson s disease prevented people being able smoke smoking protective. study considered possible role of nicotine in reducing parkinson s risk: nicotine stimulates dopaminergic system of brain, damaged in parkinson s disease, while other compounds in tobacco smoke inhibit mao-b, enzyme produces oxidative radicals breaking down dopamine.

in many respects, nicotine acts on nervous system in similar way caffeine. writings have stated smoking can increase mental concentration; 1 study documents better performance on normed advanced raven progressive matrices test after smoking.

most smokers, when denied access nicotine, exhibit symptoms such irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, , rapid heart beat. onset of these symptoms fast, nicotine s half-life being 2 hours.. psychological dependence may linger months or many years. unlike recreational drugs, nicotine not measurably alter smoker s motor skills, judgement, or language abilities while under influence of drug. tobacco withdrawal has been shown cause clinically significant distress.

a large percentage of schizophrenics smoke tobacco form of self-medication. high rate of tobacco use mentally ill major factor in decreased life expectancy, 25 years shorter general population. following observation smoking improves condition of people schizophrenia, in particular working memory deficit, nicotine patches had been proposed way treat schizophrenia. studies suggest link exists between smoking , mental illness, citing high incidence of smoking amongst suffering schizophrenia , possibility smoking may alleviate of symptoms of mental illness, these have not been conclusive. in 2015, meta-analysis found smokers @ greater risk of developing psychotic illness.

recent studies have linked smoking anxiety disorders, suggesting correlation (and possibly mechanism) may related broad class of anxiety disorders, , not limited depression. current , ongoing research attempt explore addiction-anxiety relationship. data multiple studies suggest anxiety disorders , depression play role in cigarette smoking. history of regular smoking observed more among individuals had experienced major depressive disorder @ time in lives among individuals had never experienced major depression or among individuals no psychiatric diagnosis. people major depression less quit due increased risk of experiencing mild severe states of depression, including major depressive episode. depressed smokers appear experience more withdrawal symptoms on quitting, less successful @ quitting, , more relapse.