Order to fire Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border

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from 1945 onwards, unauthorised crossers of inner german border risked being shot soviet or east german border guards. use of deadly force termed schießbefehl ( order fire or command shoot ). formally in force 1948, when regulations concerning use of firearms on border promulgated. regulation issued east german police 27 may 1952 stipulated failure obey orders of border patrol met use of arms. 1960s through end of 1980s, border guards given daily verbal orders (vergatterung) track down, arrest or annihilate border violators. gdr formally codified regulations on use of deadly force in march 1982, when state border law mandated firearms used maximum measure in use of force against individuals publicly attempt break through state border . gdr s leadership explicitly endorsed use of deadly force. general heinz hoffmann, gdr minister of defence, declared in august 1966 not respect our border feel bullet. in 1974, erich honecker, chairman of national defense council of east germany, ordered: firearms ruthlessly used in event of attempts break through border, , comrades have used firearms commended.


east german border guards had standard procedure follow if detected unauthorised individuals in border zone. (though west germans referred control strip death strip , deadly force used @ location along border – did not depend on individual s being in, or crossing, control strip.) if individual less 100 metres (330 ft) away, border guard first order: stop! border sentry! hands up! ( halt! grenzposten! hände hoch! ) or stop, stand still, or shoot! ( halt! stehenbleiben, oder ich schieße! ). if individual further away or on western side of border fence guard authorised shoot without warning. if escapee fellow border guard, shot distance without prior warning. border guards instructed not shoot if innocent bystanders might hit or if escapee had made west german territory, or if line of fire west germany. in practice, though, shots fired east germany landed in west german territory.


the border guards under considerable pressure obey schießbefehl. if shot escapees rewarded medals, bonuses , promotion. in 1 typical example, killers of 1 would-be escapee in east berlin in february 1972 rewarded being decorated order of merit of border troops of gdr , bonus of 150 marks. contrast, failure shoot or suspicion shooter had deliberately missed punished.


the schießbefehl was, not surprisingly, controversial in west , singled out criticism west germans. west german authorities established central recording office record details of deaths on border, ultimate aim of prosecuting offenders. discomfited east german authorities, repeatedly unsuccessfully demanded office s closure. gdr authorities suspended schießbefehl on occasions when have been politically inconvenient have explain dead refugees, such during visit gdr french foreign minister in 1985. problem many of east german border guards , motivating factor behind number of escapes, when guards facing crisis of confidence defected because of unwillingness shoot fellow citizens.








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