History Pashtunistan

1 history

1.1 delhi sultanate , last afghan empire
1.2 european influence
1.3 bannu resolution
1.4 independence of pakistan in 1947

history


the area during 500 b.c. recorded arachosia , inhabited people called pactyans.

since 2nd millennium bc, region inhabited native pashtun people had been conquered ancient iranian peoples, medes, achaemenids, greeks, mauryas, kushans, hephthalites, sassanids, arab muslims, turks, mughals, , others. in recent age, people of western world have nominally explored area.

arab muslims arrived in 7th century , began introducing islam native pashtun people, of arabs settled in sulaiman mountains , became pashtunized on time. pashtunistan area later fell turkish ghaznavids main capital @ ghazni, lahore serving second power house. ghaznavid empire taken on ghorids today s ghor, afghanistan. army of genghis khan arrived in 13th century , began destroying persian-speaking cities in north while pashtun territory defended khalji dynasty of delhi. in 14th , 15th century, timurid dynasty in control of nearby cities , towns, until babur captured kabul in 1504.

delhi sultanate , last afghan empire


coronation of ahmad shah durrani in 1747 20th-century afghan artist, abdul ghafoor breshna.

during delhi sultanate era, region ruled turkic dynasties delhi, india. pashtun nationalist warrior-poet khushal khan khattak, imprisoned mughal emperor aurangzeb trying incite pashtuns rebel against rule of mughals. however, despite sharing common language , believing in common ancestry, pashtuns first achieved unity in 18th century after being under foreign rule many centuries. eastern parts of pashtunistan ruled mughal empire, while western parts ruled persian safavids easternmost provinces. during 18th century, pashtun tribes led mirwais hotak revolted against safavids in city of kandahar. in chain of events, declared kandahar , other parts of southern afghanistan independent. 1738 mughal empire had been crushingly defeated , capital sacked , looted forces of new iranian ruler; military genius , commander nader shah. besides persian, turkmen, , caucasian forces, nader accompanied young ahmad shah durrani, , 4,000 trained pashtun troops afghanistan , north-west pakistan.

after death of nader shah in 1747 , disintegration of massive empire, ahmad shah durrani created own large , powerful durrani empire, included pashtunistan, , of nowadays pakistan, among other regions. famous couplet ahmad shah durrani describes association people have regional city of kandahar:

da dili takht herauma cheh rayad kam zama da khkule pukhtunkhwa da ghre saroona . translation: forget throne of delhi when recall mountain peaks of beautiful pukhtunkhwa.

the last afghan empire established in 1747 , united different pashtun tribes many other ethnic groups. parts of pashtunistan region around peshawar invaded ranjit singh , sikh army in part of 19th century, few years later defeated british raj, new powerful empire reached pashtunistan region east.

european influence

following decline of durrani dynasty , establishment of new barakzai dynasty in afghanistan, pashtun domains began shrink lost control on other parts of south asia british, such punjab region , balochistan region. anglo-afghan wars fought part of overall imperialistic great game waged between russian empire , british. poor , landlocked, newly born afghanistan able defend territory , keep both sides @ bay using them against each other. in 1893, part of way fixing limit of respective spheres of influence, durand line agreement signed between afghan iron amir abdur rahman , british viceroy mortimer durand. in 1905, north-west frontier province (today s khyber paskhtunkhwa) created , corresponded pashtun majority regions within british domain. fata area created further placate pashtun tribesmen never accepted british rule , prone rebellions, while city of peshawar directly administered part of british protectorate state full integration federal rule of law establishment of civic amenities , construction of railway, road infrastructure educational institutes bring region @ par developed world.

during world war i, afghan government contacted ottoman turkey , germany, through niedermayer-hentig mission, join central allies on behalf of caliph in jihad; revolutionaries, tribals, , afghan leaders including brother of amir named nasrullah khan in favour of delegation , wanted amir declare jihad. kazim bey carried firman khalifa in persian. addressed residents of pathanistan. said when british defeated, majesty khalifa, in agreement allied states, acquire guarantee independence of united state of pathanistan , provide every kind of assistance it. thereafter, not allow interference in country of pathanistan. (ahmad chagharzai; 1989; pp. 138–139). efforts failed , afghan amir habibullah khan maintained afghanistan s neutrality throughout world war (for more information see).

similarly, during 1942 cripps mission, , 1946 cabinet mission india, afghan government made repeated attempts ensure debate independence of india must include afghanistan s role in future of nwfp. british government wavered between reassuring afghan rejection of role , insistence nwfp integral part of british india.

the khudai khidmatgar non-violent group, , ghaffar khan claimed have been inspired mahatma gandhi. while red shirts willing work indian national congress political point of view, pashtuns people desired independence india.

bannu resolution

when british decided divide india, elected members of nwfp assembly , pashtun jirga demanded independent state of pashtunistan through famous bannu resolution on 21 june 1947. however, british colonialists refused comply genuine demand independent pashtunistan. above british deprived elected legislative assembly of nwfp of right vote in favor of india or pakistan. referendum held , historical pashtun land merged federation of pakistan.

independence of pakistan in 1947


ayub khan, president of pakistan 1958 1969, belonged pashtun tareen tribe of abbottabad.

since late 1940s dissolution of british india , independence of pakistan, rigid pashtun nationalists proposed merging afghanistan or creating pashtunistan future sovereign state local pashtun inhabitanits of area. @ first, afghanistan became government oppose entry of pakistan united nations in 1947, although reversed few months later. on july 26, 1949, when afghanistan–pakistan relations rapidly deteriorating, loya jirga held in afghanistan after military aircraft pakistan air force bombed village on afghan side of durand line. result of violation, afghan government declared recognized neither imaginary durand nor similar line , previous durand line agreements void. during 1950s late 1960s, pashtuns promoted higher positions within pakistani government , military, thereby integrating pashtuns pakistani state , severely weakening secessionist sentiments point mid-1960s, popular support independent pashtunistan had disappeared.

an important development in pakistan during ayub period (1958-1969) gradual integration pakistani society , military-bureaucratic establishment. period of pakistan s political history saw large number of ethnic pashtuns holding high positions in military , bureaucracy. ayub himself non-pashto speaking ethnic pashtun belonging tarin sub-tribe of hazara district in frontier. growing participation of pashtuns in pakistani government resulted in erosion of support pashtunistan movement in province end of 1960s.

afghanistan , pashtun nationalists did not exploit pakistan s vulnerability during nation s 1965 , 1971 wars india, , backed pakistan against largely hindu india. further, had pakistan been destabilised india, nationalists have had fight against bigger country pakistan independence.

in 1970s, roles of pakistan , afghanistan reversed, despite fresh crackdown on baloch , pashtun nationalists government of zulfikar ali bhutto. meanwhile new republican afghan president, mohammed daoud khan, pashtun nationalist, , tensions between 2 countries on pashtunistan issue led conflict. pakistan government decided retaliate against afghan government s pashtunistan policy supporting islamist opponents of afghan government including future mujahidin leaders gulbuddin hekmatyar , ahmad shah massoud. operation remarkably successful, , 1977 afghan government of daoud khan willing settle outstanding issues in exchange lifting of ban on national awami party , commitment towards provincial autonomy pashtuns, guaranteed pakistan s constitution, stripped bhutto government when 1 unit scheme introduced.