Name Apache

essa-queta, plains apache chief

many of historical names of apache groups recorded non-apache difficult match modern-day tribes or subgroups. on centuries, many spanish, french , english-speaking authors did not differentiate between apache , other semi-nomadic non-apache peoples might pass through same area. commonly, europeans learned identify tribes translating exonym, group whom europeans encountered first called apache peoples. europeans did not learn peoples called themselves, autonyms.

while anthropologists agree on traditional major subgrouping of apaches, have used different criteria name finer divisions, , these not match modern apache groupings. scholars not consider groups residing in mexico apache. in addition, apache individual has different ways of identification group, such band or clan, larger tribe or language grouping, can add difficulties in outsider comprehending distinctions.

in 1900, u.s. government classified members of apache tribe in united states pinal coyotero, jicarilla, mescalero, san carlos, tonto, , white mountain apache. different groups located in arizona, new mexico, , oklahoma.

in 1930s, anthropologist grenville goodwin classified western apache 5 groups (based on informants views of dialect , cultural differences): white mountain, cibecue, san carlos, north tonto, , south tonto. since then, other anthropologists (e.g. albert schroeder) consider goodwin s classification inconsistent pre-reservation cultural divisions. willem de reuse finds linguistic evidence supporting 3 major groupings: white mountain, san carlos, , dilzhe’e (tonto). believes san carlos divergent dialect, , dilzhe’e remnant, intermediate member of dialect continuum spanned western apache language navajo.

john upton terrell classifies apache western , eastern groups. in western group, includes toboso, cholome, jocome, sibolo or cibola, pelone, manso, , kiva or kofa. includes chicame (the earlier term hispanized chicano or new mexicans of spanish/hispanic , apache descent) among them having definite apache connections or names spanish associated apache.

in detailed study of new mexico catholic church records, david m. brugge identifies 15 tribal names spanish used refer apache. these drawn records of 1000 baptisms 1704 1862.