Factual background and majority opinion Shaw v. Reno

-


north carolina s congressional districts (1993–1998); 12th district in pink.


the case involved redistricting of north carolina after 1990 census. north carolina submitted department of justice map 1 majority-minority black district—that is, district black majority. department of justice believed state have drawn such majority-minority district in order improve representation of black voters rather including them within 1 district. state revised map , submitted new plan, 1 2 majority-minority districts. proposed 12th district 160 miles (260 km) long, winding through state connect various areas having in common large black population. federal district court dismissed lawsuit north carolina voters on grounds had no claim relief under standard set previous supreme court case, united jewish organizations of williamsburgh v. carey.


justice sandra day o connor delivered opinion of court, reversed of district court. described shape of new district bizarre , said such district bears uncomfortable resemblance political apartheid. court found if redistricting map bizarre on face unexplainable on grounds other race , claim relief under fourteenth amendment united states constitution available plaintiffs. such redistricting held unconstitutional if found intended segregate voters race , segregation cannot justified under standard of strict scrutiny. actions subject standard must satisfy 3 conditions: compelling government interest, narrowly tailored achieve goal, , least restrictive means achieving interest.







Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

CACHEbox ApplianSys

-
cachebox230 server appliance cachebox s caching engine employs code squid project. in 2005 launched becta approved protex content filtering service in collaboration east of england broadband network, represent more 2800 schools across 10 authorities. in 2006, acquired assets , customer base of rival freedom2. has since expanded activity north american schools market , caching device requested schools 2015 e-rate funding.
Read more

Kinship systems Apache

-
hide painting depicting apache girl s puberty ceremony, naiche (chiricahua apache), ca. 1900, oklahoma history center the chiricahua language has 4 different words grandparent: -chú maternal grandmother , -tsúyé maternal grandfather , -chʼiné paternal grandmother , -nálé paternal grandfather . additionally, grandparent s siblings identified same word; thus, 1 s maternal grandmother, 1 s maternal grandmother s sisters, , 1 s maternal grandmother s brothers called -chú. furthermore, grandparent terms reciprocal, is, grandparent use same term refer grandchild in relationship. example, person s maternal grandmother called -chú , maternal grandmother call person -chú (i.e. -chú can mean child of either own daughter or sibling s daughter.) chiricahua cousins not distinguished siblings through kinship terms. thus, same word refer either sibling or cousin (there not separate terms parallel-cousin , cross-cousin). additionally, terms used according sex of speaker (unlike english terms broth...
Read more

Western Apache Apache

-
a western apache woman san carlos group western apache include northern tonto, southern tonto, cibecue, white mountain , san carlos groups. while these subgroups spoke same language , had kinship ties, western apaches considered separate each other, according goodwin. other writers have used term refer non-navajo apachean peoples living west of rio grande (thus failing distinguish chiricahua other apacheans). goodwin s formulation: apache peoples have lived within present boundaries of state of arizona during historic times exception of chiricahua, warm springs, , allied apache, , small band of apaches known apache mansos, lived in vicinity of tucson. cibecue western apache group, according goodwin, north of salt river between tonto , white mountain apache, consisting of ceder creek, carrizo, , cibecue (proper) bands. san carlos. western apache group ranged closest tucson according goodwin. group consisted of apache peaks, arivaipa, pinal, san carlos (proper) bands. arivaipa (also ara...
Read more