Languages Apache

-


the 5 apache languages apachean languages, in turn belong athabaskan branch of eyak-athabaskan language family. apache languages endangered. lipan reported extinct.


the southern athabascan branch defined harry hoijer according merger of stem-initial consonants of proto-athabascan series *k̯ , *c *c (in addition widespread merger of *č , *čʷ *č found in many northern athabascan languages).



hoijer (1938) divided apache sub-family eastern branch consisting of jicarilla, lipan, , plains apache , western branch consisting of navajo, western apache (san carlos), chiricahua, , mescalero based on merger of proto-apachean *t , *k k in eastern branch. thus, can seen in example below, when western languages have noun or verb stems start t, related forms in eastern languages start k:







he later revised proposal in 1971 when found plains apache did not participate in *k̯/*c merger consider plains apache language equidistant other languages, called southwestern apachean. thus, stems started *k̯ in proto-athabascan start ch in plains apache while other languages start ts.







morris opler (1975) has suggested hoijer s original formulation jicarilla , lipan in eastern branch more in agreement cultural similarities between these 2 , differences other western apachean groups. other linguists, particularly michael krauss (1973), have noted classification based on initial consonants of noun , verb stems arbitrary , when other sound correspondences considered relationships between languages appear more complex.


apache languages tonal languages. regarding tonal development, apache languages low-marked languages, means stems constricted syllable rime in proto-language developed low tone while other rimes developed high tone. other northern athabascan languages high-marked languages in tonal development reverse. in example below, if low-marked navajo , chiricahua have low tone, high-marked northern athabascan languages, slavey , chilcotin, have high tone, , if navajo , chiricahua have high tone, slavey , chilcotin have low tone.













Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

CACHEbox ApplianSys

-
cachebox230 server appliance cachebox s caching engine employs code squid project. in 2005 launched becta approved protex content filtering service in collaboration east of england broadband network, represent more 2800 schools across 10 authorities. in 2006, acquired assets , customer base of rival freedom2. has since expanded activity north american schools market , caching device requested schools 2015 e-rate funding.
Read more

Kinship systems Apache

-
hide painting depicting apache girl s puberty ceremony, naiche (chiricahua apache), ca. 1900, oklahoma history center the chiricahua language has 4 different words grandparent: -chú maternal grandmother , -tsúyé maternal grandfather , -chʼiné paternal grandmother , -nálé paternal grandfather . additionally, grandparent s siblings identified same word; thus, 1 s maternal grandmother, 1 s maternal grandmother s sisters, , 1 s maternal grandmother s brothers called -chú. furthermore, grandparent terms reciprocal, is, grandparent use same term refer grandchild in relationship. example, person s maternal grandmother called -chú , maternal grandmother call person -chú (i.e. -chú can mean child of either own daughter or sibling s daughter.) chiricahua cousins not distinguished siblings through kinship terms. thus, same word refer either sibling or cousin (there not separate terms parallel-cousin , cross-cousin). additionally, terms used according sex of speaker (unlike english terms broth...
Read more

Western Apache Apache

-
a western apache woman san carlos group western apache include northern tonto, southern tonto, cibecue, white mountain , san carlos groups. while these subgroups spoke same language , had kinship ties, western apaches considered separate each other, according goodwin. other writers have used term refer non-navajo apachean peoples living west of rio grande (thus failing distinguish chiricahua other apacheans). goodwin s formulation: apache peoples have lived within present boundaries of state of arizona during historic times exception of chiricahua, warm springs, , allied apache, , small band of apaches known apache mansos, lived in vicinity of tucson. cibecue western apache group, according goodwin, north of salt river between tonto , white mountain apache, consisting of ceder creek, carrizo, , cibecue (proper) bands. san carlos. western apache group ranged closest tucson according goodwin. group consisted of apache peaks, arivaipa, pinal, san carlos (proper) bands. arivaipa (also ara...
Read more