Demographic changes in war-torn areas Destruction under the Mongol Empire

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drawing of mongols inside suzdal under batu khan (with sword).


ancient sources described genghis khan s conquests wholesale destruction on unprecedented scale in geographical regions, causing great demographic changes in asia. according works of iranian historian rashid al-din (1247–1318), mongols killed more 700,000 people in merv , more million in nishapur. total population of persia may have dropped 2,500,000 250,000 result of mass extermination , famine. population exchanges did in cases occur depends of when.


china reportedly suffered drastic decline in population during 13th , 14th centuries. before mongol invasion, chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after conquest completed in 1279, 1300 census reported 60 million people. while tempting attribute major decline solely mongol ferocity, scholars today have mixed sentiments regarding subject. south chinese might account 40 million unregistered who, without passports, not have appeared in census. entire peasant populations joining or enlisted labour can result in large population reduction due food shortage problems. scholars such frederick w. mote argue wide drop in numbers reflects administrative failure record rather de facto decrease whilst others such timothy brook argue mongols created system of enserfment among huge portion of chinese populace causing many disappear census altogether. other historians william mcneill , david morgan argue bubonic plague, spread mongols, main factor behind demographic decline during period. plague spread areas of western europe , africa mongols never reached, carried individuals fleeing invasion. mongols practised biological warfare catapulting diseased cadavers cities besieged. believed fleas remaining on bodies of cadavers may have acted vectors spread bubonic plague.


about half population of kievan rus may have died during mongol invasion of rus. figure refers area corresponding modern ukraine. colin mcevedy (atlas of world population history, 1978) estimates population of european russia dropped 7.5 million prior invasion 7 million afterwards.


historians estimate half of hungary s population of 2 million victims of mongol invasion of europe.








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